留学资讯 一手掌握

留学生遇到的Essay写作种类繁多，今天洋蜜蜂向大家介绍“定义型”Essay的写作技巧。

“定义型”Essay，又称练习型Essay，一般在预科和大一学年出现，内容包括让学生们分析一个所学习的概念或模型的含义、作用等，考察学生们对基础知识的掌握能力。该类型Essay不会特别的重要，但也会有一定的分数占比，一般一学期可能有两到三次该类作业，在学年最终成绩中一般总共占比5%左右。

 许多学生之所以讨厌该类Essay，是因为往往需要分析的模型或概念的含义就写在教科书上，就一句话，怎么扩充成一篇350字的小论文呢？如果就按照传统格式，写一写分析对象的含义、重要性、用途，整篇小论文又会非常平庸而体现不出自己的思考价值和写作水平，如何写的精辟并且显得有意义呢？

 今天，小编带来了一篇商科经典的“定义型”Essay范文，并以此为例分享一些针对该类论文的独家小妙招，希望可以对同学们在该类论文的写作上有所帮助。

第一点，从研究对象角度出发。意思就是说，尤其是在写作“定义型”Essay时，切忌从自己的角度出发分析思考，只有从研究对象的角度出发，条理清晰地写作它的历史、含义、对各不同对象的重要性与用法等等，才能写得比较深入和有效。从个人角度出发，思考时只会想着它对我的学习或在该领域有什么用，相对思路就狭窄了许多。在这一点上犯错的同学们，在留学生群体内被戏称为“不要你觉得，我要我觉得”。

第二点，注意“古今结合”，多维度多层次的写作结构可以有效帮助“定义型”Essay脱颖而出。拿文末附注的范例论文举例，该论文在正文第一段对4ps模型，一个用于市场营销策略制定的模型进行了简介并简述了其历史，第二段至第五段精讲4ps模型包含哪四p及其具体的分析方式，而最后一段讲述了其在现代化过程中作用减弱的原因。比起分三段机械性地陈述其含义、重要性、作用，范文所使用的论文格式更加有条理，逐级深入，最后一段与第一段相呼应，并且体现出个人的思考，给论文加分。

当然，构建多维度多层次的写作结构还有许多其它方法，比如许多同学会在正文中插入一两处自己学习过程中使用或结合分析目标的亲身经历来辅助论文中心点，或使用一些真实有来源的数据使论文更上一个层次。

还有最后一点，尽量不照抄书上或网站上的定义。“定义型”Essay的考察目标是希望看到作者对分析对象的深刻理解。而在论文中照抄定义就相对显得理解不深入，所以为了契合该目标，也为了得到更高分数，同学们至少应该在理解该概念或模型的基础上，将其定义用自己的话说出来，也可以在此基础上增加一些自己的理解，当然不能改变其本身含义。当然，即使换成了自己的话说出定义，也不能忘记使用in-text reference哦！

最后，让我们一起来看一看范例文章，希望同学们在看完本文之后可以有所收获，对“定义型”Essay有更加准确地认识。

题目：What are the 4p’s and how do they help companies create a marketing strategy?

文章：Although the 4p’s are key factors for entrepreneurs to analyse their marketing strategies and represent the common rules for the world which is based on business activities,it still has low awareness among citizens.This essay will start with a brief introduction and evaluation to their birth combined with marketing mix.The second to fifth paragraph will talk about their real effects in business and this essay will be concluded by the classic concept’s contemporary dilemma.

Generally,the 4p’s are production,price,promotion,and place.The 4P’s of marketing is a model for enhancing the components of your "marketing mix" .Through this way,you take a new product or service to market. It helps you to define your marketing options in terms of price, product, promotion, and place so that your offering meets a specific customer need or demand (Borden,1964) . Marketing mix is carried out through the 4p’s mostly and a reliable way to understand what the product and service can offer(Martin,2014). Since marketing mix is the foundation of the enterprise marketing strategy and works efficiently to satisfy the consumer needs in general,the 4p’s are concertizing this concept and making it easy to understand as well.

Product is the first element of the four,because it is the basis.An efficient marketing should fulfill the consumer needs and minimum the waste of time and money.Marketers are also required to be familiar with the life cycle of products to be completely successful in this comprehensive and competitive business world.

Price is the cost consumers pay for a product.No one can long make a profit producing anything unless the customer makes a profit using it. (Pettengill,1930).It is pretty dramatic because price is the only one of the 4p’s of marketing that emphasizes revenue rather than expense.It includes discounts, allowances and incentives, and strategies like penetration pricing or skimming.It helps to create the marketing structure by evaluating the demand from consumers.

Promotion is activities done in order to improve the sales of a product,like advertising or media selection.Not only large-scale enterprises but also many family businesses ought to pay attention to this.This element focuses on communicating with your customer.Small-scale businesses usually focus on promoting their products or services with limited resources,which contributes to the ignorance to promoting their brands.For international companies,the methods for promotion is various,but for family or sole trader companies with less money and manpower,the equitable allocation of investments between production and promotion counts.

Place focus on getting product to your customer.It includes warehousing, fulfillment, electronic download, shipping, middlemen.No matter small or big,delicacy or sloppy,business always needs some place to happen.Also,a good place gathers potential and current customers, competitors and other sectors.Place should also be linked to the target customer group.

To be concluded,Marketing is simplistically defined as ‘putting the right product in the right place, at the right price, at the right time.’The 4p’s are always helping marketers with tough rocks like how their product or service meets or fails to meet those needs,what is a proper price,where to hold the business and how to defeat their competitors. However,since the booming of electronics technology and Internet,more traditional large-scale manufacturing enterprises are replacing by network companies and other modern companies.So the ‘right product’ and ‘right place’ seems to be harder to get.It’s time that we should jump out of the box and find the 4p’s a modern way for annotation.

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